Copyright: © Moreira et al. Recruitment, consent, randomisation and data collection are all on-line. CAS  The trial is jointly funded by Fellowship and project grants from the Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [FCT]) (Portugal), the Alcohol Education and Research Council (AERC) (UK) and the European Research Advisory Board (ERAB) (Belgium). Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) One promising strategy in reducing college student drinking involves reducing overestimated descriptive drinking normative perceptions. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00847.x. All data collection is done online, through the trial website, accessed via a web-link promoted in all forms of advertisement. University of Pennsylvania, United States of America, Received: January 28, 2012; Accepted: July 30, 2012; Published: September 12, 2012. Social desirability responsiveness was also assessed using the short form of the Marlowe Crown scale 2 [37]. Cite this article. Initially developed in the United States, this approach relies on changing the attitudes and norms that exist around drinking behaviours, typically on University campuses. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. PubMed  A recent Cochrane review [20] found some limited evidence for the effectiveness of computer-based PNF in University students though questions remain about the generalizability of these findings to other countries, including the U.K. [21], [22]. No, Is the Subject Area "Traumatic injury risk factors" applicable to this article? A specimen feedback is available to download [30]. Yes Article  Many brief interventions include personalized normative feedback (PNF) using gender-specific or gender-neutral referents. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. No additional external funding was received for this study. Respondents also completed a drinking diary about a “typical week”, where they indicated the number of drinks/units they usually drink on each day of the week, and this was used to calculate the number of units consumed each week. In the analysis, respondents were scored 1 if they were over these levels, otherwise 0. Eligible participants were undergraduate university students (first and second year students; academic year 2008/9) from U.K. universities, recruited through university information systems (posters, email messages, bulletin boards) and through online social networking sites. Firstly, evidence of the potential to reduce hazardous and harmful drinking amongst University students might lead to better prevention programmes across Europe. Engaged in unprotected sex; 5. Kypri K, Langley J, Saunders J, Cashell-Smith M: Assessment may conceal therapeutic benefit: findings from a randomized controlled trial for hazardous drinking. Intention to treat was applied in all analyses. TM wrote the first and final drafts of the protocol. Been in a fight; 4. And last, evidence about whether universal or targeted approaches are better with this population group. During university or college years, students can escalate their alcohol use to dangerous levels [1], and student alcohol consumption levels are typically higher than their non-university peers [2]–[6]. The interactions were removed from the analysis due to insignificant effects. 2001, Geneva: World Health Organisation, Jernigan D: Global Status Report: Alcohol and Young People. Campbell D, Stanley J: Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Research has demonstrated that when compared with more distal referents, proximal referents are more effective for preventing student alcohol misuse and related problems [35], [49], [50]. Drinking behaviour measures were (i) alcohol disorders; (ii) frequency; (iii) typical quantity, (iv) weekly consumption; (v) alcohol-related problems; (vi) perceived drinking norms; and (vii) positive alcohol expectancies. Yes Positive alcohol expectancies were measured using an abbreviated form of the Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire for Adolescents (AEQ-A) [36]. This on-line randomised controlled trial has the potential to address three key issues. Individual-Level Strategies. David R Foxcroft. statement and School of Health and Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0FL, UK, You can also search for this author in PNF is intended to raise motivation for behaviour change and has been highlighted for alcohol misuse prevention by the British Government Behavioural Insight Team. A Solomon Three Group Design will be used. Young people tend to over-estimate peer group drinking levels. This analysis indicates that there was no effect on drinking behaviour of the baseline measures and questions about alcohol use and problems. PFIs aim to reduce drinking by providing feedback to recipients that is personalized and often includes multiple components, including feedback comparing the recipients own drinking and perceived norms to actual norms (i.e, personalized normative feedback). Once consent was given, participants were randomized by computer. One particular intervention that has recently gained widespread attention is the social-norms approach (Perkins, 2002; Wechsler et al., 2004).The social-norms approach, social marketing, and personalized normative feedback (PNF; Lewis and … Walters ST: In praise of feedback: an effective intervention for college students who are heavy drinkers. Grateful thanks to Dr Gil Lopes for developing the web-based technology for this study. Analyses focused on high-risk drinkers, as well as all students, because of research evidence for the prevention paradox in student drinkers. The brief personalised normative feedback given to each intervention group participant will comprise the results of their drinking behaviour assessment alongside information about alcohol and how it might affect them at their current drinking levels. California Privacy Statement, But our results are generally in agreement with other work from the UK and Sweden, where randomised trials aimed at assessing the effectiveness of an electronic web-based personalised feedback intervention have found little or no effect for most outcome measures [43]–[46]. Google Scholar, Foxcroft D, Kypri K, Simonite V: Bayesian estimates of population prevalence using the AUDIT diagnostic test for alcohol abuse and dependence. : The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) and the Pompidou Group at the Council of Europe, 156-, CAMH: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Baseline alcohol use and misuse will be measured in two of the groups, but not the third group. 4. CAS  Results indicated students in the CWF condition reported significantly greater reductions in weekly drinking quantity and binge drinking frequency than those in the SWF group at follow-up (M = 8 months). Over the past few years, innovative approaches to implementing brief motivational interventions have been developed, with a growing number of controlled studies The intervention group received brief personalised normative feedback (PNF) within a few weeks of completing the baseline assessment, which comprised an online questionnaire with demographic questions and an assessment of drinking behaviour. Journal of American College Health. There is one intervention group and two control groups, controlling separately for measurement and for intervention effects. DRF declares that his Department has received funding from the alcohol industry for prevention projects, and that he is a Trustee of the alcohol-industry funded Drinkaware Trust. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044120.t005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044120.t006. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) is a brief intervention designed to correct misperceptions regarding the prevalence of problematic behavior by showing individuals engaging in such behaviors that their own behavior is atypical with respect to actual norms. The intervention and main control group were followed up at 6- and 12-months, and the delayed control group at 12-months only. Online personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions have been found to reduce college drinking, yet few studies have investigated the effect of event-specific PNF on drinking. A7. There was no direct human involvement in the randomization process. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044120.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044120.s002. The present study examined if interventions utilizing gender personalized normative would decrease subjects' misperceptions and individual drinking behavior (frequency and quantity) more than both a no feedback control group, and a group receiving standard normative feedback. Sliwinski (2002) suggested that personalized normative feedback develops discrepancy by making student’s drinking behaviors sa-lient, by providing them a context in which to evaluate their drinking, and by highlighting the inconsistency between current behavior and both normative and personal standards. At the same time, binge drinking rates amongst young people are high in the UK and Holland, and are increasing in the UK where alcohol related violence and crime is a major cause for concern. Making students aware of this misperception may help change behaviour and reduce problem drinking. Yes Kypri K, Saunders J, Williams S, McGee R, Langley J, Cashell-Smith M, Gallagher S: Web-based screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. 2008, [http://www.camh.net/About_Addiction_Mental_Health/Drug_and_Addiction_Information/evaluate_your_drinking.html], The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/113/prepub. The feedback will also compare their drinking – in graphical format – to the drinking of their student peers. This trial will provide information on the effectiveness of an on-line personalized normative feedback intervention for alcohol misuse in university students. So, one possible explanation for our null results in this study is that we obtained results on a different group of students than other studies that have found significant effects. Data from the ESPAD Project. Personalized Normative Feedback and the Moderating Role of Personal Norms: A Field Experiment to Reduce Residential Water Consumption - P. Wesley Schultz, Alyssa Messina, Giuseppe Tronu, Eleuterio F. Limas, Rupanwita Gupta, Mica Estrada, 2016. 2002, 164-172. The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. alcohol misuse) are also more likely to engage in other problem behaviours [34]. Details of recommended sensible drinking levels were also provided. We have not been able to assess impact on acute harms, violence and crime because of insufficient information for modelling. Citation: Moreira MT, Oskrochi R, Foxcroft DR (2012) Personalised Normative Feedback for Preventing Alcohol Misuse in University Students: Solomon Three-Group Randomised Controlled Trial. In this study personalised normative feedback was presented to university students via email with information about the norms for the “average” student in their university, as in previous research [48] where similar proximal referent norms were used. Addiction. Both authors have contributed to the analytical strategy, on developing the intervention and overall methodological development. We needed an achieved sample size of 900 hazardous drinkers (150 per gender per group), based on effect size estimates of a mean difference in AUDIT score of 1.9 (s.d. The main objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of computer-based PNF, compared with (i) screening/assessment only, for reducing alcohol-related problems in first and second year UK university undergraduate students. Heavy drinking among college students continues to be an epidemic problem and has inspired a considerable amount of intervention research. Only one outcome measure, weekly drinking, showed a significant effect at 6-months with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.417 (95% CI 0.223, 0.781), but this had disappeared by 12-months (OR = 0.710, 95% CI 0.435, 1.160). Using a Bayesian approach [7], we have estimated that the change in alcohol related problem scores from Kypri's study might equate to a 5% prevalence reduction in alcohol disorders (DSM dependence and abuse), which would be a marked and important consequence [8].

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